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ABC of learning and teaching in medicine #4: Constructivism 建構主義

建構主義認為[1] 學習是一個積極主動的建構過程。學習者不是被動地接受外在信息,而是根據先前認知結構主動地和有選擇性地知覺外在信息,建構當前事物的意義; 知識是個人經驗的合理化,而不是說明世界的真理。因為個體先前的經驗畢竟是十分有限的,在此基礎上建構知識的意義,無法確定所建構出來的知識是否就是世界的最終寫照; 知識的建構並不是任意的和隨心所欲的。建構知識的過程中必須與他人磋商並達成一致,並不斷地加以調整和修正,在這過程中,不可避免地要受到當時社會文化因素的影響; 學習者的建構是多元化的。由於事物存在複雜多樣化,學習情感存在一定的特殊性,以及個人的先前經驗存在獨特性,每個學習者對事物意義的建構將是不同的。 建構主義的教學[2] 教師並非知識的傳遞者,而是學生於學習過程中的引導者。 由於學習是奠基於學生先前所具備的知識,教師必須提供學生新的學習經驗來顯示與既有知識的不同之處。 教師須引導學生以主動的方式來學習,例如提供相關聯的問題以團體互動方式來學習。 如果新的知識必須由學生主動來獲得,教師必須要讓學生有足夠的時間對於新的經驗進行深入地探索。 Ref:  1. 建構主義學習理論-MBA智庫百科 [ 網頁 ] 2. BMJ. 2003 Jan 25; 326(7382): 213–216. 回到目錄

ABC of learning and teaching in medicine #3: Self-efficacy 自我效能

Self-efficacy 自我效能 Bandura's self-efficacy theory 四個決定自我效能的面向 * Enactive mastery: 自身的成功經驗 * Vicarious modeling: 觀察他人成功的經驗 * Verbal persuasion: 藉由他人說服 * Physiological or psychological arousal: 直覺 Ref: Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Self efficacy—roles for the teacher  教師的角色 - Modelling or demonstration 示範 - Setting a clear goal or image of the desired outcome 對於欲達成的成果有設定明確的目標 - Providing basic knowledge and skills needed as the foundation for the task 提供學生達成任務所必備的基礎知識與技能 - Providing guided practice with corrective feedback 在學生的練習中提供引導並給予回饋幫助學生改正 -Giving students the opportunity to reflect on their learning 給學生機會對自身的學習進行反思 Ref: BMJ. 2003 Jan 25; 326(7382): 213–216. 回到目錄

ABC of learning and teaching in medicine #2: Self directed learning 自我導向學習

Self directed learning 自我導向學習 •Organizing teaching and learning so that learning is within the learners' control 組織教與學,讓學習的過程是掌控在學習者手上 •A goal towards which learners strive so that they become able to accept responsibility for their own learning 目標的設定要與學習者努力的方向一致,讓學習者能夠對自己的學習負責 自我導向學習者必須具備以下技能: •asking questions 能夠問問題 •critically appraising new information 能夠評讀新的資訊 •identifying their own knowledge and skill gaps 能夠找出自身知識與技巧上的不足 •reflecting critically on their learning process and outcomes 能夠對自己學習的過程與結果進行批判性反思 Ref: 1. BMJ. 2003 Jan 25; 326(7382): 213–216. 2. Candy PC. Self-direction for lifelong learning: a comprehensive guide to theory and practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991. 回到目錄

ABC of learning and teaching in medicine #1: Knowles' principles of andragogy (成人學習的原則)

Knowles' principles of andragogy (成人學習的原則) • Establish an effective learning climate, where learners feel safe and comfortable expressing themselves 建立有效的學習氣氛,讓學習者能夠安心地表達 • Involve learners in mutual planning of relevant methods and curricular content 與學習者共同規劃學習內容及方法 • Involve learners in diagnosing their own needs—this will help to trigger internal motivation. 與學習者共同發掘學習的需求:激發學習者的學習動機 • Encourage learners to formulate their own learning objectives—this gives them more control of their learning 鼓勵學習者規劃自己的學習目標:讓學習者能夠掌控自己的學習 • Encourage learners to identify resources and devise strategies for using the resources to achieve their objectives 鼓勵學習者找尋資源來達成學習目標 • Support learners in carrying out their learning plans 在學習者執行學習計畫的過程中給予支援 • Involve learners in evaluating their own learning—this can develop their skills of critical reflection. 與學習者共同評量學習的成果:讓學習者能夠發展批判性反思的技巧 Ref:  1. BMJ. 2003 Jan 25; 326(7382): 213–216. 2. Knowles MS and Ass...

ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Category

1. Adult learning theory 2. Self directed learning 3. Self efficacy 4. Constructivism 5. Reflective practice